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The Iberian Union is the historical designation of the political union of the Crown of Portugal with the Spanish Crown - through a dynastic union, under the Spanish Habsburgs, after the War of the Portuguese Succession - that included all the Iberian Peninsula, the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire, from 1580 to 1640.〔António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, ''History of Portugal''. 1972, page 322. Boris Fausto, ''A Concise History of Brazil'', page 40.〕 Following the Portuguese crisis of succession, a dynastic union joined the crowns of Castile, Portugal and Aragon along with their respective colonial possessions, under the rule of the Hispanic monarchy.〔(Indicaciones sobre la investigacion "Ciudadanía, identidades complejas y cultura política en los manuales escolares españoles".Centro de Investigación MANES )〕 The Habsburg king was the only element of connection between the multiple kingdoms and territories. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other.〔(The "Spanish Century" )〕 However, Portugal ultimately answered to the king, as did his other states and possessions in the Iberian Peninsula and elsewhere. The alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in all the other Iberian kingdoms.〔(La Extranjería en la Historia Del Derecho Español )〕〔(LA CONDICIÓN JURÍDICA DE "ESPANOL" COMO PRODUCTO DEL DERECHO INDIANO )〕 The term ''Iberian union'' is a creation of modern historians, as is largely the use of the term ''Spain'' for the unified crowns previous to 1580. "Spain" was then only the physical geographical name of the whole Iberian Peninsula (just as "Italy" at the time referred to a peninsula, not a state). The word became more widespread as a state name due to its gradual use by the Crown, precisely because of the incorporation of Portugal. The unification of the peninsula had long been a goal of the region's monarchs with the intent of restoring the visigothic monarchy.〔(DEBATE SOBRE LA IDENTIDAD DE ESPAÑA. El Mundo )〕 Sancho III of Navarre and Alfonso VII of León and Castile both took the title ''Imperator totius Hispaniae'', meaning "Emperor of All Hispania"〔Notice that, before the emergence of the modern country of Spain (beginning with the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon in 1479, followed by political unification in 1516), the Latin word ''Hispania'', in any of the Iberian Romance languages, either in singular or plural forms ((英語:Spain'' or ''Spains)), was used to refer to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula, and not exclusively, as in modern usage, to the country of Spain, thus excluding Portugal.〕 centuries before. The history of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1578 to the first Braganza Dynasty monarchs was a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire's spice trade was peaking at the start of this period. It continued to enjoy widespread influence after Vasco da Gama had finally reached the East by sailing around Africa in 1497–98. Vasco da Gama's achievement completed the exploratory efforts inaugurated by Henry the Navigator, and opened an oceanic route for the profitable spice trade into Europe that bypassed the Middle East. Throughout the 17th century, the increasing predations and surrounding of Portuguese trading posts in the East by the Dutch, English and French, and their rapidly growing intrusion into the Atlantic slave trade, undermined Portugal's near monopoly on the lucrative oceanic spice and slave trades. This sent the Portuguese spice trade into a long decline. The diversion of wealth from Portugal by the Habsburg monarchy to support the Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War also created strains within the union, although Portugal did also benefit from Spanish military power in helping to retain Brazil and in disrupting Dutch trade. These events, and those that occurred at the end of Aviz dynasty and the period of Iberian Union, led Portugal to a state of dependency on its colonies, first India and then Brazil. == Establishment == The Battle of Ksar El Kebir in 1578 saw both the death of the young king Sebastian and the end of the House of Aviz. Sebastian's successor, the Cardinal Henry of Portugal, was 70 years old at the time. Henry's death was followed by a succession crisis, with three grandchildren of Manuel I claiming the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza (married to John, 6th Duke of Braganza), António, Prior of Crato, and Philip II of Spain. António had been acclaimed King of Portugal by the people of Santarém on July 24, 1580, and then in many cities and towns throughout the country. Some members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to Spain and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry. Philip II of Spain marched into Portugal and defeated the troops loyal to the Prior of Crato in the Battle of Alcântara. The troops occupying the countryside (Tercios) commanded by the 3rd Duke of Alba arrived in Lisbon.〔Geoffrey Parker ''The army of Flanders and the Spanish road'', London, 1972 ISBN 0-521-08462-8, p. 35〕 The Duke of Alba imposed on the Portuguese provinces a subjection of Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure; meanwhile, he allowed his soldiers to sack the vicinity of the capital.〔Henry Kamen, ''The duke of Alba'' (New Haven–London: Yale University Press, 2004), Pp. x + 204.〕 Philip II of Spain was crowned Philip I of Portugal in 1581 (recognized as king by the Cortes of Tomar) and the Philippine Dynasty began. When Philip left in 1583 to Madrid, he made his nephew Albert of Austria his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a Council of Portugal to advise him on Portuguese affairs. Portugal's status was maintained under the first two kings of the Iberian Union, Philip I and his son Philip II of Portugal and III of Spain. Both monarchs gave excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and Portugal maintained an independent law, currency, and government. It was even proposed to move the Royal capital to Lisbon. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iberian Union」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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